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This study was deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board at Ewha Womans University from ethical approval

She believed Mr Hopkins had made a personal donation

To provide context, e-cigarette vapour emissions were compared with smoke yields from a reference cigarette (Kentucky 1R6F (Ky1R6F)) smoked under ISO 20778:2018 puffing regime (55 mL puff volume/2 s puff duration/30 s puff frequency

A poorly functioning liver cannot absorb, transport properly, and store iron

Consumer models are suitable for small-scale, personal use and lack the durability, capacity, and advanced features required for industrial production