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++ The national population of Medicare FFS beneficiaries for calculating national expenditures

This calculation is done for each occupation individually (physicians, PAs, NPs, CNMs, CPs, and CSWs)

This mini review highlights critical priorities for research, including the need for long-term prospective studies, standardized product testing, independent toxicological assessments and surveillance of patterns of use, dual use and youth uptake

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For example, if the aggregate amount of improper payments was associated with claims activity in 2021 and 2022, we would include in the denominator payments on claims or line items with dates of service in 2021 (made before the end of March 2022) and on claims or line items with dates of service in 2022 (made before the end of March 2023)