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It could mean fines of up to 100 for smokers who light up in a car with a young passenger

However, it cannot be excluded that except for nicotine, chemicals like acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, present in TS and e-cigs have been shown to cause oxidative stress by the generation of ROS through activation of protein kinase C via NADPH oxidase (Ott et al., 1998)

(2024) 16:e58617

Additionally, these products can elevate the risk of heart disease and stroke, cause pregnancy complications like early delivery and stillbirth, and pose a serious risk of nicotine poisoning in children.

Because all data were publicly available and not personally identifiable, Institutional Review Board approval was not required