They tend to upregulate the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, altering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to promote the release of cytochrome c, which in turn activates downstream apoptosis-executing proteins such as caspase-3 and caspase-9 ( 3.1.3 Inhibition of tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis Polyphenols also exert anticancer effects by remodeling the tumor microenvironment
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For broader context on aging biology and metabolic decline research, the NIH National Institute on Aging provides authoritative resources on the metabolic changes and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie age-associated obesity and sarcopenia
Breast cancer screening Women with a personal or family history of hormone-sensitive cancers should discuss GLP-1 use with their oncologist
This section synthesizes evidence on the systemic effects of metformin, sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2Is), GLP-1RAs, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (ns-MRAs), and dual incretin agonists across organ systems