PubMed Tkalcevic, V.I., Cuzic, S., Brajsa, K., Mildner, B., Bokulic, A., Situm, K., Perovic, D., Glojnaric, I., & Parnham, M.J
Laboratory assays repeatedly show it stimulating fibroblast-driven synthesis of collagen and elastin
In brief, berberine can reduce anti-apoptotic factors (Bax/bcl-2, caspase), autophagy related proteins (IL-3, Beclin, etc.), A pathology, and activate PI3K-AKT and other signaling pathways, and then produce neuroprotective effect (Figure 1)
A study on the National Institutes of Health website says IV Vitamin B12 administration can be effective for quick correction
On the other hand, certain SCFAs under specific conditions might contribute to pathology: for example, a recent study found that butyrate and propionate can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages under inflammatory stress, suggesting a potential pro-inflammatory role in some contexts [78, 79]